Francis and kaplan turbines notes for civil engineering. The same pelton turbine will not be performing well at low head, hi. Like, for pelton, a high head and even low flow rate will render better efficiency than a francis or kaplan. Kaplan turbine axial flow propeller w variable pitch low head high flow.
His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. Som,department of mechanical engineering,iit kharagpur. Convert the residual kinetic energy into pressure energy. Hydraulic turbinesbasic principles and stateofthe art.
Efficiency, while clearly a consideration, takes a less prominent role than in aircraft turbine. Runner and along with diffuser absorb water water energy transforming it into rotation. Optimized selection and sizing for high efficiency delivered with highquality selflubricating bearings as standard which have higher specifications and are environmentfriendly. Francis turbine radial flow mixed flow medium head medium flow standard turbine in steam power industry.
Svartisen p 350 mw h 543 m q 371,5 m s d 0 4,86 m d 1 4,31m d 2 2,35 m b 0 0,28 m n 333 rpm. Institute, kera conventional power engineering reference. The francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by the american engineer james b. Francis turbine are best suited for large flow and medium head applications.
The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Cfd numerical simulations of francis turbines a sp ec i c s it ua ti on of th e hyd ra uli c tu rbi ne s hap pe ns by th e v ari ab le en er gy dem an d o f t he ma rk et, wh ic h. The specific speed is also the main criterion for matching a specific hydroelectric site with the correct turbine type. With a double regulation system, kaplan turbines provide high efficiency over a broad range of configurations.
Francis turbines are propeller type mix flow water turbine in which water comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the runner blades from water. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m to 2,000 ft and are used primarily for electrical power. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical.
It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. In the modern francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine in the radial direction and leaves in the. The vertical configuration of the kaplan turbine allows for larger runner diameters above 10 m and increased unit power, as compared to bulb turbines. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine and it was developed by james b francis. Francis turbine its components, working and application francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. L1 propeller turbine designed for minimal cavitation after 25,000 hours. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades.
The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as francis turbine, after the name of j. Francis turbines are probably used most extensively because of their wider range of suitable heads, characteristically from three to 600 metres. The efficiency of turbines turbines machines fluid. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. Gas turbines are available in sizes ranging from 500 kilowatts kw to 250 megawatts mw. Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. Mod01 lec09 introduction to reaction type of hydraulic turbine a francis turbine.
In axial flow turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. Engineering corporation offering francis turbines, hydraulic machinery in adarsh nagar, roorkee, uttarakhand. It is explained in easiest terms so that every one can. The flow enters 1st in scroll casing which is spiral casing, then guide vanes or stay vanes. Francis turbines are very able to sustain the high mechanical stress resulting from high heads. At the highhead range, the flow rate and the output must be large.
The water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for effective rotation the blades in a hydropower station. B francis an american engineer who in beginning designed inward radial flow reaction turbine. Turbine speci c speed concepts the turbine speci c speed is a quantity derived from dimensional analysis. Lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. Francis turbines have widest range of applications and are generally used for sites having medium head and medium discharge. Water enters the runner tangentially with a flow velocity of 9. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Efficiencies for turbines depend upon the head and flow rate of water. Hydraulics and hydraulic machinery notes pdf hhm notes pdf.
Mod01 lec09 introduction to reaction type of hydraulic turbine a. Hydraulic turbines pelton wheel, francis turbine and kaplan turbine. This allows a new turbine design to be scaled from an existing design of known performance. The flow rate and head are given h 1 m q 28,5 m3s p 288 mw 2. The video gives you the basic concepts of francis turbine along with its vector diagram. Lec11 basic concept of turbine, velocity diagram youtube. The principal feature of a reaction turbine that distinguishes it from an impulse turbine is that only a part of the total head. In this arrangement the head is the vertical height from the water level in the fore bay to the level in the ail race. Now these components i have written in order of sequence of flow path.
For larger heads the pinstock is longer and there is a smaller throughput of water e. To know more about what are hydraulic turbines, what is the working principle of hydraulic turbines and how are they classified, read on through this article series. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. Reference hydraulics and hydraulic machinery hhm notes pdf hhm pdf notes hhm pdf hhm notes. At the lowhead end, propeller turbines are usually more. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. Rocket turbine design emphasizes power density, because of the overriding concern for mass saving.
For generation of electricity in thermal power plants, steam turbines are used coal fuel oil or nuclear power provides the primary source of energy. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. Our kaplan turbines also keep the environment in mind. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855. Shaft power this is the mechanical, power output of the turbine shaft.
Which of the following hydraulic turbines are reaction turbine. Pumps and turbines autumn 20 objectives 1 understand the role of pumps and turbines as energyconversion devices and use, appropriately, the terms head, power and efficiency. So a radial flow reaction turbine is a francis turbine is a typical radial flow reaction turbine, francis turbine consists of 4 main components, one is scroll casing. Francis turbines are designed to be operated over large range of operations and this research encompasses the limitations and effects of cavitation on francis turbine. Topic governing of francis water turbine prepared byshubham p. Mat hydro provide high machine efficiency with cost effective solution to our customers.
Ge has successfully completed numerous installations of francis turbines with outputs up to 800 mw, including one of the largest francis turbines ever made each with a runner diameter of 10 meters and weighing over 450 tons. Gas turbines can be used in poweronly generation or in combined heat and power chp systems the most efficient commercial technology for central station poweronly generation is the gas turbinesteam turbinecombinedcycle plant, with efficiencies approaching 60 percent lower. Each turbine has a water passageway which incorporates a. The francis turbine is the most common water turbine used in today. Hydraulic turbines transfer the energy from a flowing fluid to a rotating shaft. Mod01 lec09 introduction to reaction type of hydraulic.
Water flows though a spiral case with decreasing section to enter radial the turbine runner. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Where the supply is low it is usual to have an open flume supply with a short pinstock e. Types of hydraulic turbines fluid machinery mechanical. Losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions francis turbines. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. It was designed by american scientist james francis.
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